Since the frst edition of Co-infection: HIV & Viral Hepatitis a guide for clinical management was published in 2003, our understanding 

of co-infection with HIV and chronic viral hepatitis has  improved signifcantly. Evidence  regarding  the epidemiological and 

clinical importance of co-infection has increased, new agents and new approaches to clinical management have been developed, 

and there has been an increasing recognition of strategies to avoid potentially serious adverse efects of therapy for both HIV and 

viral hepatitis in people living with co-infection.